
N Wijesinghe(a),
G Mills(b),
Z Lin(c),
S Waymouth(d)
(a) Department of Cardiology, Private Bag 3200, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton 2001, New Zealand.(b) Department of Infectious Diseases, Private Bag 3200, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton 2001, New Zealand.(c) Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Private Bag 3200, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton 2001, New Zealand.(d) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Private Bag 3200, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton 2001, New Zealand.
Corresponding Author: N Wijesinghe, Department of Cardiology, Private Bag 3200, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton 2001, New Zealand.
Email address: namalw@gmail.com
SMJ 2008 53(2): 65
Abstract
Infective
endocarditis during
pregnancy is
rare and
results in
high maternal
and fetal
mortality. We
report a
case of Haemophilus
parainfluenzae endocarditis
in a
pregnant woman
with complex
management issues
and a
late, unexpected
embolic complication.
Introduction
Haemophilus
Parainfluenzae is
a rare
cause of
infective endocarditis.
It is
difficult to
eradicate completely
with antibiotic
therapy and
has a high risk
of embolic
complications. This
case highlights
H. parainfluenzae
endocarditis in a
pregnant woman
and discusses
complex management
problems associated with
treatment of
endocarditis during
pregnancy.
History
A
28-year-old woman
presented with
a 5-week history
of malaise,
myalgia, headache,
fever and
significant weight
loss. She
was 20-weeks
pregnant on
presentation. Apart from two
previous spontaneous
abortions, she
had no significant past
medical history.
In particular,
there was
no history
of rheumatic
fever, valvular
heart disease
or intravenous
drug abuse.
Dental work
had not
been undertaken
recently and
she had
good dental
hygiene.
On
admission, she
was pale.
Her axillary
temperature was
39.1 C,
blood pressure
104/60 mmHg
and pulse
rate 98
/minute. There
was a
grade 3/6
pansystolic murmur
heard at
the apex. There
were no
signs of
heart failure.
Splinter haemorrhages
were noted
in the third and
fourth fingers
of both
hands.
Laboratory
investigations on
admission revealed
haemoglobin (Hb)
of 72 g/L, white
cell count
(WBC) of
19.5 x 106 /L
and platelet
count of
193 x 106 /L.
The erythrocyte
sedimentation rate
(ESR) and
C-reactive protein
(CRP) were
67 mm/hr
and 190
mg/L respectively. Serum albumin
was 23
g/L and serum
creatinine was 50 µmol/L. Urine
examination revealed
microscopic hematuria.
Her chest
radiograph was
normal and
electrocardiogram revealed
sinus tachycardia.
She underwent
an urgent
transthoracic echocardiogram, which
revealed a
large (2
x 2.5
centimeters) mobile vegetation
on the
posterior leaflet
of the mitral valve.
She had
severe mitral
regurgitation and
normal left
ventricular dimensions,
findings confirmed
on transoesophageal
echocardiogram. H.
parainfluenzae was isolated
from all
three blood
culture bottles
on the
second day
of admission.
MRI scan
of her
brain revealed
ischemic foci
in frontal
white matter
bilaterally and
in the right
cerebellar hemisphere.
On retrospective questioning, there
was no
history to
suggest an
acute neurological
event to account for the MRI finding.
She
was started
on intravenous
gentamicin and
penicillin as
soon as
the vegetation was
detected. This
was later changed to intravenous
ceftriaxone 2
grams twice
daily after
the confirmation
of H.
parainfluenzae. She
received several
blood transfusions and high
protein dietary
supplements. She
had regular
foetal monitoring
and antenatal
care by the
obstetric services.
She slowly
improved over
the next
few weeks.
She became
afebrile two
weeks after commencing her
antibiotic therapy with her blood
cultures also
becoming negative.
Her Hb,
ESR, CRP,
WBC and
serum albumin
slowly normalised.
A repeat
transoesophageal echocardiograms after two weeks of antibiotics showed that the
size and
nature of
the vegetation
remained stable.
Foetal growth
was normal
throughout her
illness.
The
failure to
initially improve with antibiotic
therapy and
the high
risk of
embolic complication
prompted consideration of urgent
mitral valve
replacement (MVR).
However, the
risk of
foetal loss
during surgery
was considered
to be
high, particularly given two previous miscarriages and no live births.
Without surgery,
it was recognised
that there was
a high
risk of
further embolisation and
other potential
complications. These issues
were discussed
in detail
with the
patient and
her family,
with the involvement
of cardiologists,
cardiac surgeons,
infectious disease
physicians and
obstetricians. The
decision was
made to
continue with
the pregnancy
for as
long as
possible hoping
that the
foetus would
reach a
viable age before
complications ensued.
Ceftriaxone was
continued via
a peripherally inserted
central venous
line throughout
her pregnancy
and up
to the time of
valve replacement.
At
38 weeks
of gestation,
she re-presented with an
acute onset
of severe
right arm
pain. She
was found
to have
an ischemic
right upper limb
from an embolus to
the brachial
artery and
underwent urgent
surgical embolectomy.
A week
later, she
delivered a
healthy baby
by elective
caesarean section.
Two weeks
after the
delivery, she
had a
successful St
Jude mitral
valve replacement. Her long-term
follow up
has been uneventful.
Discussion
Heart
disease is
the most
important non-obstetric cause of
death in
pregnancy, accounting
for 10%
of maternal
deaths.1 Infective
endocarditis during
pregnancy is
rare -
the incidence
has been
estimated to
be 0.006%.1 However,
this is
a potentially lethal
illness. The
maternal mortality
rate can
reach 33%
- with most deaths
related to
either heart
failure or
an embolic
event.1 The
rate of
foetal mortality
is also
high – up to
29%.1
The
incidence of
Haemophilus species
causing infective
endocarditis has
been estimated
to be
0.8-1.3 % of
adult cases.2
H. parainfluenzae is the
commonest cause
of Haemophilus
endocarditis. These
pleomorphic gram-negative
coccobacilli are
a part of the
normal oropharyngeal
flora. Some cases
are culture
negative because
of its
fastidious growth
requirements.
The
onset of
H. parainfluenzae
endocarditis is
usually subacute.
There is
often a
delay of
2-4 weeks
from symptom
onset to
presentation.1 The
source of
infection is
usually oropharyngeal pathology.3 We
could not
identify the
source of
infection in
our patient.
The mitral
valve is
involved in
67% of
patients (as
in our patient) with
the aortic
valve involved
in 17% of cases.3
Fifty percent
of people
have underlying
valvular heart
disease.3
High
rates of
complications including large
vegetations, septic emboli,
persistent fever
and bacteremia
have been
noted in Haemophilus
endocarditis.4 H.
parainfluenzae carries
an arterial
embolisation rate of
50 %.5 There is
an inverse
correlation between
vegetation mass
and favourable
clinical response.6
Our patient
probably experienced
subclinical cerebral
embolisation before presentation
to hospital.
It is
widely believed
that an
embolic event
is unlikely
after 2
weeks of
appropriate antibiotic
therapy. We
continued intravenous
antibiotic therapy
for more
than 18
weeks, until
valve replacement,
because it
was considered unlikely
that complete
eradication of
this organism
occur after
the formation
of such
a large
vegetation. Embolisation to her
right brachial
artery long
after achieving
clinical and
biochemical improvement
and negative
blood cultures,
was a
surprise.
Third
generation cephalosporins
such as
ceftriaxone are
the antibiotics
of choice
to treat
H. parainfuenzae
endocarditis - administered intravenously for a
minimum of
4 weeks for
native valve
endocarditis. Failure
to respond
to antibiotic
therapy necessitates urgent valve
replacement surgery.
The recommendations for
valve replacement
for native
mitral valve
endocarditis include severe
mitral regurgitation
with heart
failure or
hemodynamic evidence
of elevated
left ventricular
diastolic or
left atrial
pressures; endocarditis
caused by
fungal or
other highly
resistant organisms;
recurrent embolism;
persistent vegetation
despite appropriate
antibiotic therapy
and mobile
vegetations of
more than
10 mm in
size with
or without
embolism.7 Our
patient had
several indications
for urgent
valve replacement
surgery. However,
the surgery
was delayed
until the
foetus could
be safely delivered,
because of
the recocnised high
risk of
foetal loss
during the
surgery.
In
a reported
series of
7 cases of
infective endocarditis
in pregnancy,
2 patients
underwent valve
replacement surgery
in the 24th and
28th weeks of
the pregnancy.8 The
first patient
had a
successful MVR
but aborted
the fetus
48 hours
later. The
second patient
suffered an
intracerebral haemorrhage in
the immediate
post-operative period
after successful
MVR. She
underwent a
cesarean section
but the
foetus died
24 hours
later. In
another case
report, a
23-year-old woman
at 22
weeks gestation
successfully underwent aortic
valve replacement
for group
D streptococcal
endocarditis and subsequently
delivered a
healthy full-term
baby.9 A
pregnant woman
with right- sided H. Parainfluenzae
endocarditis with bilateral
septic pulmonary
emboli was
successfully treated
with intravenous
ampicillin and
delivered a
healthy term
baby.10
Our
patient recovered
from her
mitral valve
infection and
progressed well
through her
pregnancy until 38 weeks.
The late
embolic event
was unexpected
and illustrates
the possibility
of embolism
from large
mobile vegetations
even after
prolonged antibiotic
therapy. The
final outcome
was a
healthy full-term
baby.
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